The tuberculin skin test (TST) is a type of diagnostic test used to determine whether an individual has been exposed to the bacteria that causes tuberculosis. This test is based on a type IV hypersensitivity reaction, also known as delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells and occurs 48-72 hours after exposure to an antigen. In the case of the TST, the antigen used is purified protein derivative (PPD) derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
During the TST, PPD is injected into the skin, and if the individual has been previously exposed to tuberculosis, their immune system will mount a delayed hypersensitivity reaction at the site of injection. This reaction causes redness, swelling, and induration at the injection site, which is then measured to determine whether the test is positive or negative.
It is important to note that a positive TST does not necessarily mean that an individual has active tuberculosis. Instead, it indicates that the individual has been exposed to the bacteria at some point in the past. Further testing, such as chest x-rays or sputum cultures, may be needed to confirm an active infection.
In conclusion, the tuberculin skin test is an example of type IV hypersensitivity and is an important tool in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis.
[10] This local reaction indicates the presence of type four hypersensitivity. The tuberculin test is a validated method to diagnose tuberculosis infection, even if latent.
If you have an Mtb infection, the skin around the injection site should start to swell and harden within 48 to 72 hours . This bump, or induration, may also change color. But the induration’s size, not the color, will determine your results. An induration of less than 5 millimeters (mm) is a negative result.
Some people experience some redness, rash, slight bruising or a small bump at the site. DO not WORRY! These reactions are common and do not necessarily mean you have a positive test. On a rare occasion, some people are very sensitive to the solution and develop a severe skin reaction.
Tuberculosis. Within 48 to 72 hours, a positive TB skin test is marked by an area of reddish induration greater than 10 mm. It is the induration (firm bump) that is gently palpated that determines the size, not the area of redness. This reaction is slightly larger than the average positive test 17 mm in size.
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